Correction and Retraction

SCALE follows COPE Retraction Guidelines.

• Correction (Erratum/Corrigendum): published when an honest error affects part of an article but does not invalidate its findings. The correction is linked to the original article.
• Retraction: published when findings are unreliable because of major error or misconduct, or in cases of plagiarism, duplicate publication, or unethical research. The retracted article remains online, clearly marked "Retracted", with a retraction notice stating the reason.
• Removal: an article is removed only in rare legal cases; its bibliographic information remains with an explanation.

Requests for correction or retraction can be submitted by authors or readers to the editorial office.